Biotin

(vitamin H, koenzim R, vitamin B7, Bios II R)

G. Koegel je 1935. godine iz sirovog žumanceta jajeta dobio jedinjenje u kristalnom obliku koje je nazvao faktorom rasta kvaščevih ćelija. Utvrđeno je, da ovo jedinjenje popravlja patološke promene u koži pacova, koji su sa hranom dobijali veće količine sirovog belanca jajeta. Ovo jedinjenje je nazvano biotinom (od grčke reči bios, što u prevodu znači život), ili vitaminom H.

U belancu jajeta nalazi se i protein avidin, koji čvrsto vezuje biotin što onemogućava usvajanje ovog vitamina u crevima, međutim, pri kuvanju jajeta avidin se razgrađuje.

Fizičke i hemijske osobine

Vitamin H je stabilan na visokim temperaturama. Dobro se rastvara u kiseloj i baznoj sredini, etanolu i vodi.

Vitamin H sadrži kondenzovan imidazolov i tiofenov prsten. Za tiofen se vezuje valerijanska kiselina. Vitamin H se može smatrati jedinjenjem karbamida sa tiofen valerijanskom kiselinom.

Strukturu vitamina H prvi je odredio V. du Vigneaud sa svojim saradnicima.

Hemijska struktura biotina

Biološka uloga

Vitamin H se proizvodi u tankom crevu čoveka, a proizvode ga bakterije. Jedan deo ovog vitamina se unosi i hranom.

Vitamin H funkcioniše kao komponenta (tj. koenzim) specifičnih enzima, koji katalizuju reakcije prenosa ugljendioksida (karboksilaciji). Na taj način vitamin H učestvuje u sintezi masnih kiselina, purinskih nukleotida i u metabolizmu razgranatih aminokiselina (tako što doprinosi većoj mišićnoj masi, pa ga koriste i sportisti za dobijanje atletske građe).

Vitamin H takođe doprinosi zdravijoj kosi i sprečava njeno opadanje.

Neke studije su pokazale, da je često količina vitmaina H izlučenog mokraćom veća od količine vitamina unetog hranom, a količine izlučene fecesom su čak 3-6 puta veće od količine unete hranom.

Prirodni izvori

Vitamin H se nalazi u mnogim namirnicama, mada u malim količinama. Najviše ga ima u jetri, žumancu jajeta, životinjskim tkivima, paradajzu, pivskom kvascu, mahunastim biljkama, lešniku, zrnastoj hrani, mleku i drugo. Veliki deo potreba čoveka za ovim vitaminom obezbeđuju i intestinalne bakterije.

Biološka iskoristljivost vitamina H se veoma razlikuje od vrste namirnice; tako je na primer vitamin H iz kukuruznog i sojinog brašna kompletno iskoristljiv, dok je vitamin H iz pšeničnog brašna skoro uopšte neiskoristljiv.
 

Sadržaj vitamina H u prehrambenim proizvodima

NamirnicaSadržaj vitamina H
(mikrograma na 100 grama namirnice)
Jetra – svinjska250
Jetra – goveđa200
Bubreg – svinjski180
Soja60
Srce bika8 – 50
Pirinač – ljuska46
Raž – zrno46
Dinja36
Jaje – žumance30
Sardina – konzerva24
Brašno – pšenično9 – 25
Kupus17
Šampinjoni16
Meso – kokošje6
Grašak – zeleni6
Meso – goveđe5
Mleko5
Banane4,6
Sir4
Luk – mladi3,5
Šargarepa2,5
Meso – pileće1,5 – 2
Krompir0,5 – 1,0
Jabuke0,9

Poremećaji

Avitaminoza

Pošto bakterije crevnog trakta proizvode vitamin H nedostatak ovog vitamina u hrani ne može izazvati vitamin H avitaminozu. Međutim, sirovo belance jajeta izaziva nedostatak vitamina H, pošto sadrži protein avidin, koji specifično vezuje vitamin H i sprečava njegovu resorpciju u ishrani. Zato je nedostatak ovog vitamina uočen kod ljudi, koji konzumiraju velike količine sirovih jaja.

Deficit vitamina H se može izazvati i kod životinja, koje su hranjene antibakterijskim lekovima u cilju smanjenja crevne flore na minimum.

Nedostatak ovog vitamina se pre svega ogleda u promenama na koži i kosi. Simptomi uključuju ćelavost, suvu i perutavu kožu, kao i osipanje kod nosa i usta.

Simptomi, koji ukazuju na nedostatak vitamina H se gube ubrzo nakon unošenja ovog vitamina putem hrane.

Hipervitaminoza

Nisu poznate posledice prevelikog unosa vitamina H jer je to veoma retka pojava.

Preporučene dnevne količine

Dnevna potreba za vitaminom H za odraslog čoveka iznosi do 300 mikrograma.

Upotreba u medicini

Mnogi preparati protiv ćelavosti sadrže vitamin H, koji podstiče rast kose.

3.099 мишљења на “Biotin”

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