Fosfor

(P, fosfat, lat. Phosphorus)

Fosfor je posle kalcijuma najzastupljeniji element u organizmu. U ljudskom organizmu ga ima približno 1% od njegove ukupne telesne težine. Prisutan je u svakoj ćeliji, ali ga najviše ima u kostima i zubima (oko 85% od ukupnog fosfora).

Biološka uloga

Uloge fosfora u organizmu čoveka:

  • građenje kostiju i zuba,
  • korišćenje ugljenih hidrata (šećera) i masti,
  • sinteza proteina,
  • rast, održavanje i zarastanje ćelija i tkiva,
  • služi kao izvor energije (u okviru molekula adenozin trifosfata – ATP i kreatin fosfata),
  • kontrakcija mišića,
  • funkcionisanje bubrega,
  • regulisanje srčanog ritma,
  • prenošenje nervnih impulsa,
  • smanjuje mišićnu bol nakon teškog rada,
  • proizvodnja genetskog materijala (DNK, RNK),
  • održava balans i pomaže u iskorišćavanju drugih vitamina i minerala (vitamini grupe B, vitamin D, jod, magnezijum, cink),
  • deo ćelijskih mebrana (u okviru fosfolipida),
  • neophodan u svim metaboličkim putevima u telu (proizvodnja energije, ćelijsko deljenje, itd.),
  • ulazi u sastav mnogih enzima i hormona,
  • održava normalnu acino-baznu ravnotežu u organizmu (pH).

Metabolizam

Fosfor ulazi u organizam hranom i resorbuje se u tankom crevu. Svaki višak fosfora se iz organizma izbacuje preko bubrega. Regulacija kalcijuma i fosfora u krvi je regulisana paratiroidnim hormonom (PTH) i vitaminom D. Neznatan pad kalcijuma u krvi (npr. u slučaju nedovoljnog unošenja kalcijuma u organizam) dovodi do toga da paratiroidne žlezde povećaju lučenje PTH. PTH stimuliše prevođenje vitamina D u bubregu u svoju aktivnu formu. Povećan nivo kalcijuma u krvi dovodi do povećanje intestinalne resorpcije kalcijuma i fosfora. Stimulacija PTH dovodi do smanjene ekskrecije kalcijuma putem mokraće i do povećane ekskrecije fosfora.

Prirodni izvori

Fosfora ima u hrani bogatoj proteinima kao što su: meso, živinsko meso, riba, jaja, mlečni proizvodi (posebno sir), orasi, mahunarke, hleb, aronija. Osim njih fosfora ima i u žitaricama, krompiru, sušenom voću, belom luku, soji, itd. Voće sadrži uglavnom male količine fosfora. Fosfora ima dosta i u gaziranim pićima ali nije izbalansiran sa kalcijumom, pa zato gazirana pića nisu dobar izvor ovog elementa.

Poremećaji

Nedostatak

Iako fosfora u hrani ima dovoljno do nedostatka često dolazi usled nekih bolesti kao što su: dijabetes, gladovanje i alkoholizam. Osim toga kod nekih bolesti se smanjuje usvojivost fosfora (Kronova bolest, Celijakija). Takođe na nedostatak fosfora mogu uticati i neki lekovi (npr. diuretici).

Simptomi nedostatka fosfora su:

  • gubitak apetita,
  • anksioznost, mentalna konfuzija
  • bol u kostima,
  • krhke kosti,
  • ukočeni zglobovi,
  • nepravilno disanje,
  • razdražljivost,
  • utrnulost,
  • opšta slabost organizma,
  • promene telesne mase
  • umor, iznurenost,
  • anemija,
  • problemi sa govorom,
  • podložnost infekcijama,

Kod dece se javljaju još i:
 

  • smanjeni rast,
  • loš razvoj kosti,
  • slab razvoj i kvarovi zuba


Toksičnost

Višak fosfora se u organizmu javlja češće i može više zabrinjavati od nedostatka. Višak se najčešće javlja usled poremećaja bubrega, konzumiranja prevelikih količina fosfora putem hrane i gaziranih napitaka, ali i ukoliko u ishrani nema dovoljno kalcijuma. Veće količine fosfora u organizmu uzrokuju i veće potrebe za kalcijumom.

Visok unos fosfora dovodi do:

  • kardiovaskularnih bolesti,
  • kalcifikacije neskeletnog tkiva (posebno bubrega, gde se stvara kamen u bubregu),
  • dijareje,
  • slabe usvojivosti gvožđa, kalcijuma, magnezijuma i cinka

Preporučene dnevne količine

Deca:

  • Od 0 do 6 meseci: 100 mg,
  • Od 7 do 12 meseci: 275 mg,
  • Od 1 do 3 godine: 460 mg,
  • Od 4 do 8 godina: 500 mg,
  • Od 9 do 18 godina: 1250 mg


Odrasli:
 

  • Od 19 godina i stariji: 700 mg,
  • Trudnice i dojilje ispod 18 godina: 1250 mg,
  • Trudnice i dojilje preko 19 godina: 700 mg

Upotreba u medicini

Zbog svojih sporednih (nus) efekata fosfor se može putem preparata uzimati samo u konsultaciji sa lekarom. Naime, prevelika količina fosfora u organizmu može biti toksična i izaziva razne poremećaje.

Nutricionisti preporučuju izbalansiran unos fosfora i kalcijuma, jer preveliki unos fosfora u odnosu na kalcijum dovodi do toga da organizam izvlači kalcijum iz kostiju što dovodi do osteoporoze i do kvarenja desni i zuba.

Preparati fosfora se primenjuju u slučajevima hipofosfatemije, hiperkalcijemije i za lečenje kalcijumovog kamena u bubregu.

Preparati fosfora se nikako ne preporučuju (bez prethodnog savetovanja sa lekarom) u slučajevima alkoholizma i unošenjem mnogih lekova (npr. za sniženje holesterola, kortikosteroida, insulina, preparata kalijuma, diuretika, lekova za regulisanje krvnog pritiska, ciklosporina, kardiačnih glikozida, heparina, ibuprofena i mnogih drugih).

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