(K, K+, lat. Kalium)
Kalijum je glavni katjon u intracelularnoj tečnosti što znači da je glavni izvor kalijuma ćelijski materijal koji primamo u hrani. Zato je deficit kalijuma izazvan slabom prehranom izuzetno redak, a javlja se kada ima veoma malo proteinskih kalorija.
Prosečni sadržaj kalijuma u organizmu iznosi 140 grama.
Biološka uloga
Kalijum reguliše metabolizam vode i soli unutar ćelije, osmotski pritisak, kiselo-baznu ravnotežu, normalizuje rad srca, učestvuje u predaji nervnih impulsa mišica, pojačava iznošenje natrijuma iz organizma i vode i aktivira neke enzime.
Osim toga kalijum igra važnu ulogu u biosintezi proteina i za pretvaranje šećera iz krvi u glikogen. Aktivira veliki broj enzima, posebno onih koji učestvuju u stvaranju energije. Stimuliše normalne pokrete intestinalnog trakta.
Metabolizam
Kalijum se lako resorbuje u tankom crevu i to proporcionalno količini koja stigne u crevo, a nakon resorpcije cirkuliše u plazmi. Resorpcija kalijuma je pasivna i ne zahteva posebne mehanizme. Kalijum stiže ekstracelularnom tečnošću u sve delove organizma i može imati znatan uticaj na funkcije nekih organa, posebno na depolarizaciju i kontrakciju srca. Glavni organ gde se vrši regulacija nivoa kalijuma je bubreg, ali on ne može ni približno tako efikasno zadržati K+ u organizmu kao što može natrijum (Na+). Natrijum se zadržava na račun kalijuma i na to deluje aldosteron. Dakle kod zdravih osoba postoji obavezan gubitak kalijuma koji iznosi oko 16 mg na dan. Kalijum se iz organizma uklanja mokraćom i znojem.
Prirodni izvori
Glavni izvori kalijuma su sušena kajsija, krompir, meso, riba, paradajz, cvekla, smokva, zeleni luk, brokoli, aronija, grožde, trešnja, šljiva, kruška, tikva, soja, školjke, pasulj, pšenično brašno, lešnik, cerealije, mleko, kafa, čaj, semenasta hrana, pistaći, avokado, kikiriki, šunka, dinja, banana, pomorandža, grašak, spanać, ječam, govedina, čokolada.
Poremećaji
Nedostatak
Nedostatak kalijum se u organizmu može javiti usled velike količne unetog natrijuma, oblinog znojenja, čestih povraćanja, dijareje, zatim usled hirurških operacija koje na crevima, zapaljenskih procesa, povreda, dijabetesa, velike ekskrecije aldosterona, hronične dijareje koje ograničavaju resorpciju kalijuma, poremećenog rada hormona nadbubrega, intenzivnog povraćanja, gripa, crevne bolesti, anemije, bolesti bubrega, srca, usled dugotrajnog posta, terapeutskog izgladnjivanja, neadekvatnih dijeta, anoreksije, alkoholizma i cistične fibroze.
Simptomi su opšta slabost organizma, umor, gubljenje apetita, sanjivost, povraćanje, bolovi u stomaku, arterijska hipotonija, narušavanje srčanog ritma, mišićna slabost, paraliza, gubitak apetita, visok krvni pritisak, velika žeđ, konfuzija i u težim slučajevima koma. Spazam mišića, tetanija i srčane aritmije se takože mogu javiti usled nedovoljne količine kalijuma.
Posledice nadostatka kalijuma su i adinemija, bledilo kožnog pokrivača i povećana pobuđenost nervnog sistema.
Toksičnost
Unos kalijuma u količinama većim od 18 grama dnevno uzrokuju mišićnu slabost, srčane aritmije, nizak krvni pritisak, mentalnu konfuziju i eventualno infarkt miokarda.
Pri normalnoj ishrani ne može doći do preteranog unosa kalijuma, već višak kalijuma nastaje usled hipofunkcije kore nadbubrega, narušene sekretorne funkcije bubrega, primene antagonista aldosterona, acidoze, šoka nakon teže povrede.
Preporučene dnevne količine
Dnevno se preporučuje unos od minimalno 2000 miligrama kalijuma. Odrasle osobe međutim najčešće unose od 800 do 1500 miligrama dnevno. U Velikoj Britaniji preporučena dnevna količina kalijuma iznosi 3500 miligrama, a u Australiji od 1950 do 5460 miligrama.
Upotreba u medicini
Kalijum je jedan od najčešće pripisivanih minerala. Koristi se u situacijama kada dolazi do gubitka kalijuma iz organizma, kao što je terapija diureticima. Osim toga kalijum se koristi pri narušenom srčanom ritmu, lečenju glukokortikoidnim hormonima, visokom krvnom pritisku, raznim srčanim oboljenjima (infarkt miokarda i drugo), prevenciji od stvaranja kamena u bubregu. Osim toga kalijum se koristi protiv zamora i promena u raspoloženju u ranoj fazi menopauze. Koristi se i za lečenje alergija, glavobolja, dijareja.
Dodaci kalijuma se u organizam unose neposredno posle obroka sa dosta vode. Kalijum koriste i sportisti jer gube veliku količinu kalijuma znojenjem. Tablete kalijuma nikako ne bi smele da se unose sa alkoholom jer dolazi do iritacije stomaka.
Osobe koje su u fazi dehidratacije, grča, koje imaju čir ili bolesti bubrega ne bi smele da unose tablete sa kalijumom bez konsultacije sa lekarom.
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