(kobalamin, cijankobalamin, energetični vitamin)
Vitamin B12 je jedan od najsloženijih vitamina po svojoj hemijskoj strukturi. Istorija izučavanja vitamina B12 tesno je vezana za ispitivanje uzroka malokrvnosti (anemije) i razrade metoda za njeno lečenje.
Još je 1926. godine utvrđeno da uključivanje većih količina polusirove jetre u prehrambeni obrok bolesnika, obolelih od zloćudne anemije, pokazuje lekovito dejstvo (kod životinja se analogna bolest ne primećuje). Zatim je 1940. godine dokazana jedna vrsta bakterija čiji je rast zavisio od tog činioca. Ove bakterije su korišćene kao test pri oceni aktivnog činioca dobijenog iz jetre životinja.
Ovaj vitamin je dugo bio posmatran kao medicinski ortodoks i često je bio praćen sa sumnjom ili u nekim slučajevima sa porugom. Mali broj lekara, ali i mnogo alternativnih medicinara, pripisivalo je ovaj vitamin tvrdeći da ima značajan efekat u podmlađivanju i da je veliki izvor energije. Oni su tvrdili da vitamin B12 povećava moć pamćenja i sposobnost rezonovanja i koncentracije, tj. leči mentalne poremećaje i uopšteno čini jedan organizam mlađim.
Tek je od nedavno ovaj vitamin počeo da se posmatra, kao onaj koji ima stvarno značajne osobine pored ovih koje su gore opisane. Danas je na primer poznato da je vitamin B12 nezamenljiv u metabolizmu nervnog tkiva kod čoveka.
U kristalnom obliku je vitamin B12 dobijen 1948. godine, a tek je desetak godina kasnije utvrđena njegova struktura metodom rentgenostrukturne analize. Potpuna sinteza vitamina B12 je izvršena 1972. godine. To je jedna od veoma složenih sinteza u oblasti organske hemije, a prvi su je ostvarili organski sintetičari R. B. Woodward iz SAD i A. Eschenmoser iz Švajcarske.
Fizičke i hemijske osobine
Vitamin B12 je prilično stabilan pri visokim temperaturama samo na pH od 4,5 do 5,0 dok u jako kiselim i jako baznim sredinama vitamin gubi svoju aktivnost.
Ovaj vitamin se veoma brzo razgrađuje na svetlosti i zbog toga ga je neophodno čuvati na tamnom mestu. Na vitamin B12 nepovoljno utiču i alkohol, pilule za spavanje, estrogen, i drugo.
Vitamin B12 se dobro rastvara u vodi, etanolu i metanolu.
Termin vitamin B12 objedinjuje nekoliko jedinjenja koja su slična po svojoj hemijskoj strukturi, a koja se još nazivaju i korinoidima. U takva jedinjenja se svrstavaju: cijankobalamin, oksikobalamin, nitrokobalamin, akvakobalamin i slično.
U sastav vitamina B12 ulazi element kobalt. Pri izolovanju vitamina B12 dobija se njegov derivat cijankobalamin u čiju strukturu ulazi cijanidna grupa, vezana za atom kobalta.
Biološka uloga
Vitamin B12 je važan izvor energije za čoveka. Nema sumnje, da su osobe, koje su imale B12 avitaminozu unošenjem ovog vitamina postajale vitalnije. Čak i kod osoba obolelih od megaloblastične (perniciozne) anemije se javljaju znatni znaci poboljšanja unošenjem ovog vitamina. Ovaj efekat povećanja energije je posebno uočen, kada se vitamin B12 unosi u periodu većih stresova, zamora i zaštite od raznih bolesti.
Mnogi lekari u svetu su konstatovali, da unošenje vitamina B12 znatno pomaže pacijentima u lečenju od bakterijskih i virusnih infekcija.
Ovaj vitamin olakšava i neuropsihijatrijske poremećaje. Nedostatak vitamina B12 je tesno povezan sa pogoršanjem mentalnog funkcionisanja, tj. dovodi do neuroloških i brojnih fizioloških poremećaja.
Vitamin B12 ima i zaštitnu ulogu od tumora, pre svega onih oblika, koji nastaju usled pušenja. Obzirom, da pušači imaju jako nizak nivo vitamina B12 i nizak nivo vitamina B9, istraživači su odlučili da ispitaju kakav je efekat dodavanja ovih vitamina kod pušača. Utvrdili su, da pušenje smanjuje nivo ovih vitamina pre svega u ćelijama pluća i da dodavanje kombinacije ova dva vitamina znatno smanjuje mogućnost dobijanja kancera pluća ili bronhija.
Vitamin B12 ima ulogu i u zaštiti organizma od raznih toksina i alergena. O ovoj ulozi vitamina B12 još nema mnogo podataka, ali je utvrđeno da on može uspešno blokirati mnoge štetne reakcije na sulfite, i druge razne aditive u hrani.
Vitamin B12 uzima učešće u mnogim biohemijskim procesima, ali potpuni mehanizam njegovog dejstva još nije jasan. Reakciono sposobni deo koenzima (organski molekuli koji su potrebni za aktivnost enzima) je kobalt.
Funkcija vitamina B12 tesno je vezana sa vitaminom B9. Uzima učešće i u gradenju kreatina, adrenalina, azotnih baza, nukleinskih kiselina, proteina i drugih biološki aktivnih supstanci.
Pomoću proteinskog sastojka želudačnog soka, tzv. unutrašnjeg faktora apoeritrina, vitamin B12 se apsorbuje iz tankog creva (iz ileuma) u krv. Iz krvi se vitamin B12 raznosi u tkiva, gde se veže sa vitaminima i drugim azotnim jedinjenjima gradeći razne komplekse.
Prirodni izvori
Vitamin B12 ne sintetizuju ni biljke ni životinje. Vitamin B12 sintetizuju samo neke vrste bakterija. Na primer, mikroflora preživara sintetizuje vitamin B12 u neophodnim količinama.
Za čoveka su stoga osnovni izvori vitamina B12 proizvodi životinjskog porekla: jetra, bubrezi, srce, mišići, govedina i svinjetina. U ovim delovima organizma se nagomilava vitamin B12 koga su proizvele bakterije.
Dobar izvor vitamina B12 su i ribe i jaja.
Plodovi mora, soja, razna zrnevlja i cerealije NISU dobri izvori ovog vitamina, što je posebno važno za vegetarijance.
Sadržaj vitamina B12 u nekim prehrambenim proizvodima
| Namirnica | Sadržaj vitamina B12 (mikrograma na 100 grama namirnice) |
|---|---|
| Jetra – goveđa | 50 – 130 |
| Bubrezi – goveđi | 20 – 50 |
| Srce – goveđe | 25 |
| Riblje brašno | 10 – 25 |
| Riba – presna | 10 |
| Sir | 1,4 – 3,6 |
| Meso – goveđe | 2,8 |
| Mozak – goveđi | 2,7 |
| Meso – teleće | 2,0 |
| Žumance jajeta | 1,2 |
| Mleko | 0,2 – 0,6 |
| Meso – svinjsko | 0,1 – 0,5 |
| Belance jajeta | 0 |
Poremećaji
Avitaminoza
Poznato je, da nedostatak vitamina B12 u organizmu može izazvati nervne poremećaje.
Usled nedostatka ovog vitamina može doći i do megaloblastne anemije. Ona nastaje usled sekundarnog deficita redukovanog folata. Neurološki poremećaj, koji prati deficit vitamina B12 možda je sekundaran usled relativnog deficita metionina.
Postoje dokazi, da se nedostatak vitamina B12 može javiti kod velikog dela populacije, čak i u odsustvu vidnih znakova ovog nedostatka (kao što je anemija). Tek razvojem novijih metoda i mnogo osetljivijim testovima je moguće tačnije odrediti ovaj nedostatak.
Hipervitaminoza
Nema mnogo dokaza o toksičnosti ovog vitamina, pre svega što se, ukoliko se unosi oralno, jako malo ovog vitamina apsorbuje.
Međutim, ukoliko se vitamin B12 dobija intravenoznim injekcijama može doći do problema sa kožom. Ovaj vitamin se odstranjuje iz organizma u roku od 1-2 nedelje.
Preporučene dnevne količine
Ukoliko ne postoje medicinski problemi za unosom većih količina vitamina B12 (u tom slučaju korišćenje ovog vitamina bi moralo biti pod nadzorom lekara), preporučuje se od 5 do 50 mikrograma dnevno. Ove doze su dovoljne i za ljude na vegetarijanskoj i makrobiotičkoj ishrani.
Upotreba u medicini
Nedavno je utvrđeno, da vitamin B12 ima značajnih antitumorskih efekata, i da može biti izvor energije ne samo za telo čoveka, već i za njegov centralni nervni sistem, olakšavajući brojne neuropsihijatrijske probleme.
Kod izvesnih naslednih bolesti primenjuju se veće količine vitamina B12, i to do oko 1000 puta veće od normalnih potreba, da bi se uticalo na funkcionalno lečenje naslednog metaboličkog poremećaja (kod ljudi su opisana četiri nasledna poremećaja metabolizma kobalamina).
Vitamin B12 se mora dodavati i kod vegetarijanske (makrobiotičke) ishrane, obzirom, da mnoge dijete ove vrste, kao i mnoge vegetarijanske škole, mogu izazvati ozbiljne nedostatke ovog vitamina, posebno kod dece. Tvrdnje, da su miso, tempeh i drugi proizvodi soje bogati vitaminom B12 su opovrgnute u raznim studijama. Jedino je u nekim plodovima mora utvđen određeni nivo ovog vitamina, ali i ovde postoji sumnja da nije reč o vitaminu B12, već o njegovim analozima, koji ne mogu zadovoljiti potrebe čoveka za ovim vitaminom.
Stoga se ljudima, koji se hrane isključivo makrobiotski preporučuje, da unose i određeni nivo vitamina B12 u organizam. Vegetarijanci, koji unose adekvatne kolicine jaja, biće u najvećem broju slučajeva podmireni sa ovim vitaminom. Ribe su takođe dobar izvor ovog vitamina.
Ovaj vitamin povećava apetit kod dece, održava dobro stanje nervnog sistema, poboljšava koncentraciju, pamćenje i ravnotežu.
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