Vitamin C

(L-askorbinska kiselina, askorbinska kiselina)

Još se krajem 18. veka znalo, da se u plodovima citrusovih biljaka, spanaću, voću, kao i u čaju od šipka nalazi supstanca, koja sprečava nastajanje bolesti skorbut. Britanski lekari su oko 1750. godine pokazali da davanjem određene vrste limuna, koja je bila bogata vitaminom C jednoj grupi mornara i upoređivali ih sa drugom grupom, koja u svojo ishrani nije koristila ovaj izvor vitamina C. Grupa mornara koja nije upotrebljavala limun, pri dugim plovidbama je dobila simptome skorbuta, dok je druga grupa mornara ostala zdrava.

Vitamin C je u čistom stanju dobijen iz soka limuna i identifikovan 1933. godine. Hemijska struktura vitamina C je definitivno određena i objašnjena radovima Szent György-a, King-a, Hirst-a, Haworth-a, Karrera i drugih. Ovoj supstanci čiju je preciznu strukturu odredio Haworth 1932. godine, dato je ime askorbinska kiselina. Askorbinsku kiselinu prvi je sintetizovao Reichstein sa svojim timom istraživača.

Fizičke i hemijske osobine

Aktivnost vitamina C se uglavnom uništava termičkom obradom hrane, naročito kada postoje tragovi metala, kao što je bakar, ali je zato otporan na zamrzavanje. Vitamin C je verovatno jedan od najnestabilnijih među vitaminima rastvornim u vodi. U prirodi postoji samo L- oblik askorbinske i dehidroaskorbinske kiseline.

Vitamin C se jako dobro rastvara u vodi i metanolu, a oko pet puta slabije u etanolu. Askorbinska kiselina se dobro oksiduje vazdušnim kiseonikom, a naročito u prisustvu jonova teških metala (kao na primer: bakra, gvožđa i slično).

U odsustvu kiseonika askorbinska kiselina može izdržati zagrevanje i do 100°C.

Vitamin C

Biološka uloga

Vitamin C se lako apsorbuje u crevima, te se zbog toga deficit ovog nutrijenta pripisuje njegovom neadekvatnom unosu sa hranom.

Ovaj vitamin se u organizmu čoveka može pretvoriti u oksalat, koji se izlučuje mokraćom. Međutim, kalcijumova so askorbinske kiseline, koja lako nastaje iz oksalata, je potpuno nerastvorna u vodi, te može graditi bubrežne kamence.

Biološka uloga askorbinske kiseline se vezuje za učešće u oksido-redukcionim procesima, koagulaciji krvi, regeneraciji tkiva, građenju steroidnih hormona, pretvaranju folne u tetrafolnu kiselinu i aktivaciji mnogih enzima.

Koenzimska uloga askorbinske kiseline je pokazana u reakcijama hidroksilacije prolina u hidroksiprolin i u nekim drugim hidroksilacionim reakcijama, ali ona nije specifična za njih i može biti zamenjena drugim agensima bez antiskorbutne aktivnosti.

Vitamin C deluje na funkcije centralnog nervnog sistema, stimuliše funkciju endokrinih žlezda, pojačava funkciju jetre, omogućava usvajanje gvožđa u crevu i učestvuje u građenju krvi (obzirom da učestvuje u sintezi prokolagena i kolagena, kao i u normalizaciji propustljivosti kapilara).

Jedna od veoma važnih uloga vitamina C je i njegova antioksidativna aktivnost. Ovaj vitamin vezuje slobodne radikale i time može da odigra značajnu ulogu u prevenciji raznih teških oboljenja, kao što su tumori na primer. To se pre svega odnosi na stomačni tumor, tumor jednjaka i debelog creva, a kod pušača i alkoholičara i tumor grkljana. Postoje podaci, da vitamin C sprečava rast ćelija leukemije kod ljudi. Međutim, vitamin C ima ulogu samo u prevenciji od dobijanja tumora, ali kada se tumor već razvio, njegova uloga postaje zanemarljiva.

Vitamin C snižava nivo holesterola u krvi, kao i mogućnost razvoja kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Još pre oko 50 godina ruski naučnici su utvrdili, da visoke doze vitamina C mogu da spreče aterosklerozu (suženje arterija).

Vitamin C ima ulogu u zaštiti drugih vitamina (vitamina A i vitamina E) od štetnih uticaja oksidacije. Štiti desni od obolevanja. Usporava starenje, stvaranje bora na koži i opšte starenje organizma. Odstranjuje toksične metale iz organizma, pruža zaštitu od stresa i jača opštu fizičku kondiciju. Vitamin C održava i vid, tako što sprečava stvaranje katarakte (sive mrene na oku), a može biti od koristi i u tretiranju glaukoma (zelena mrena na oku, koja ukoliko se ne leči može dovesti i do slepila).

Vitamin C ublažava posledice astme (smetnje u disanju). Višegodišnja istraživanja ukazuju na to, da se kod astmatičara smanjuje nivo vitamina C u organizmu, pa je stoga neophodno unositi dodatne doze ovog vitamina.

Vitamin C jača imunološki sistem organizma i sprečava kijavicu. Povećava otpornost prema zaraznim bolestima (naročito prema gripu, a pretpostavlja se i da otežava zarazu AIDS-om). Utvrđeno je naime, da funkcionisanje belih krvnih zrnaca delimično zavisi od vitamina C. Nivo ovog vitamina se pri raznim infekcijama, izlaganju zračenjima, lekovima, alkoholu, cigaretama smanjuje u belim krvnim zrncima i time se smanjuje i njihova aktivnost.

Ne manje važna uloga vitamina C je i učešće vitamina C u čišćenju organizma od opojnih sredstava, duvanskog dima i alkohola, a pomaže i u lečenju šećerne bolesti. U svim ovim slučajevima zapažen je niži nivo vitamina C u krvi i ćelijama.

Kod muškaraca može pomoći u lečenju neplodnosti, koja je uzrokovana aglutinacijom (sjedinjavanjem, lepljenjem u grumenje) spermatozoida, pri čemu je spermatozoid nesposoban da prodre u jajnu ćeliju. Vitamin C povećava usvojivost cinka, magnezijuma, bakra i kalijuma, koji su neophodni za normalno funkcionisanje spermatozoida.

Askorbinska kiselina prisutna je u tkivima svih životinja i viših biljaka. Ljudi, majmuni, morske svinje i neki drugi kičmenjaci ovaj vitamin ne sintetizuju i stoga ga moraju unositi hranom. Međutim, većina drugih životinja i verovatno, sve biljke mogu da sintetizuju ovaj vitamin iz glukoze.

Mikroorganizmi ne sadrže ovaj vitamin, ali i nemaju potrebu za njim.

Vitamin C se dobro apsorbuje u crevima, a delimično i u želudcu. Najveća količina askorbinske kiseline se nalazi u jetri i nadbubrežnim žlezdama.

Prirodni izvori

Organizam čoveka nije sposoban da sam sintetizuje vitamin C, tako da se ovaj vitamin u organizam unosi isključivo namirnicama biljnog porekla, pre svega putem svežeg voća i povrća.

Najbolji izvori vitamina C su citrusno voće (limun, pomorandža), bobičasto voće (crna ribizla), šipak, paradajz, nekuvan kupus, aronija, zelena paprika (pre svega deo oko peteljke) i zeleno voće.

NAPOMENA! Ne preporučuje se unošenje vitamina C u kombinaciji sa aspirinom, pošto može izazvati krvarenje i crevne smetnje.
 

Sadržaj vitamina C u prehrambenim proizvodima

NamirnicaSadržaj vitamina C
(miligrama na 100 grama namirnice)
Šipak1025
Peršunov list166
Paprika – sveža139
Ribizla – crna136
Ren114
Kelj – zeleni105
Kelj – pupčar104
Mirođija93
Karfiol70
Jagoda59
Limun53
Keleraba53
Pomorandža51
Kupus – crveni50
Spanać47
Luk – vlašac47
Kupus – beli46
Kelj – običan59
Grejpfrut45
Peršun – koren41
Blitva39
Ribizla35
Praziluk30
Rotkva29
Rotkvica29
Grašak – zeleni25
Malina25
Paradajz24
Ananas21
Boranija – zelena20
Paškanat18
Krompir15
Orah15
Luk – beli14
Dunja13
Cvekla10

Poremećaji

Avitaminoza

Do skora je u svetu postojao veliki problem zbog nedostatka vitamina C i bolesti koje prate ovaj nedostatak nisu bile retke. U današnje vreme je u razvijenijim zemljama deficit vitamina C u organizmu u velikoj meri rešen. Tu se C-avitaminoza javlja uglavnom kod starijih osoba, zatim kod alkoholičara i kod hroničnih bolesnika, ali i kod nekih drugih bolesti. U nerazvijenim zemljama je C-avitaminoza relativno česta bolest zbog slabe ishrane.

Usled nedostatka vitamina C javlja se bolest pod nazivom skorbut. Skorbut se javlja kod ljudi, koji dugo vremena u svojoj ishani nisu uzimali sveže voće i povrće. Ova se bolest odlikuje opštom slabošću, rastrojstvom kardiovaskularnog sistema i slabom građenju krvi (sporije zarastanje rana), krvarenjem desni i koža postaje grublja.

Osim toga, posledice nedostatka ovog vitamina u krvi su i smanjeni imunitet, sklonost ka krvarenju, obolenja desni, opšta slabost organizma, malokrvnost i depresija.

Hipervitaminoza

Toksični efekti vitamina C nisu česti, međutim, potencijalne komplikacije dugotrajnog predoziranja obuhvataju stvaranje oksalatnih kamenaca, giht i štetno dejstvo askorbata na biotransformaciju ili apsorpciju drugih vitamina. (npr. vitamin B12). Ovi poremećaji se ne javljaju kod svih ljudi, koji uzimaju veće količine vitamina C, već samo kod nekih. Osobe koje imaju giht, i razne bolesti bubrega ne bi trebalo da unose veće količine vitamina C bez prethodnih konsultacija sa svojim lekarom.

Uvećane količine vitamina C mogu da izazovu dijareju i stomačne grčeve. Tolerantnost čoveka za vitaminom C u mnogome zavisi od pojedinca. Kod nekih osoba se ovi poremećaji javljaju kod unošenja oko 500 miligrama vitamina C dnevno, dok kod drugih i količine od nekoliko grama dnevno ne izazivaju nikakve smetnje.

Uvećane količine mogu da izazovu i skorbut (bolest koja se javlja usled nedostatka ovog vitamina), ukoliko se naglo prestane sa unošenjem većih količina. Naime, pri uvećanom unošenju vitamina C dolazi i do uvećanog izlučivanja ovog vitamina. Ukoliko se naglo prestane sa unošenjem tih količina i pređe na normalne i dalje se javlja uvećano izlučivanje samog vitamina iz organizma i nastupaju simptomi deficita.

Unošenje većih količina vitamina C može da izazove i pogrešne rezultate kod raznih laboratorijskih testova, zato što ovaj vitamin često reaguje sa reagensima.

Unošenje prevelikih doza ovog vitamina nije potrebno, pošto organizam uglavnom odbacuje sav taj višak, a i vitamin C je antagonist bakru (tj. ukoliko ima dosta vitamina C – bakar se slabo usvaja).

Preporučene dnevne količine

Dnevne potrebe za ovim vitaminom za odrasle osobe iznose od 50 do 70 miligrama, a za decu do deset godina od 80 do 90 miligrama. Nekada se preporučuje i od 250 do 1000 miligrama dnevno i za odrasle osobe i za decu od deset i više godina. Za žene u trudnoći, žene koje doje, kao i pri težim bolestima i prelomu kostiju količina vitamina C u obroku treba da se povećava i do 200 miligrama dnevno.

Potrebe za povećanim količinama vitamina C imaju i pušači, sportisti, bolesnici rekovalescenti, radnici na teškim fizičkim poslovima i oni koji se bave visoko stresnim poslovima. Njima se preporučuje i do 200 miligrama ovog vitamina dnevno.

Postoje i istraživaci, kao što su Linus Pauling i drugi, koji preporučuju i od 2 do 9 grama vitamina C dnevno. Međutim, potrebe za ovim vitaminom variraju od osobe do osobe.

Vitamin C ce se najbolje rasporediti ukoliko se uzima više puta dnevno, u više obroka.

Upotreba u medicini

Vitamin C se veoma uspešno koristi pri lečenju i olakšavanju različitih bolesti, pre svega raznih infekcija, povreda, i slično.

Povećano korišćenje vitamina C je prvi proklamovao dvostruki nobelovac dr Linus Pauling, koji je tvrdio, da je ovaj vitamin odličan u prevenciji i olakšavanju raznih kancera. Kasnija ispitivanja nisu potvrdila ovo njegovo mišljenje, tj. utvrđeno je da vitamin C utiče na sprečavanje nastajanja tumora, ali ne i na samo lečenje od ove bolesti.

Vitamin C može biti značajan i u tretiranju astme, kao i u sprečavanju nastajanja kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Ubrzava zarastanje rana i štiti od raznih zagađivaca (uključujući i dim iz cigareta).

Vitamin C može da neutrališe i hloramin, hemikaliju koja se često koristi u javnim vodovodima i bazenima radi dezinfekcije vode. Nedavno je pokazano da hloramin može da reaguje sa raznim supstancama u organizmu uzrokujući tumore, pa ga stoga mnogi svrstavaju u toksične materije.

U lečenju dijabetesa (šećerne bolesti) ovaj vitamin ima takođe važnu ulogu. Njegova uloga se ne ogleda u direktnom sprečavanju ili olakšavanju bolesti, već u lečenju pratećih negativnih pojava, koje nastaju usled diabetesa. Te pojave su bolesti desni, sporo zarastanje rana, brzo starenje kože.

Neka novija istraživanja ukazuju, da bi vitamin C mogao imati i ulogu u lečenju mentalnih poremećaja, kao što je tvrdio i dr Linus Pauling. On je pretpostavio da bi se ovaj vitamin mogao koristiti u tretiranju šizofrenije (grupa duševnih oboljenja gde dolazi do poremećaja ličnosti). U to vreme, psihijatri su ovo prihvatali sa rezervom i tek je u skorašnje vreme pokazano, da ta pretpostavka ima velikih osnova. On se pri ovakvom tretiranju ne koristi sam, već uz sadejstvu sa drugim lekovima (kao što je haloperidol). Pretpostavlja se da vitamin C blokira dopaminski receptor u mozgu.

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